>perl -wMstrict -le "my $b = qq{\x01\x03\x07\xff\xfe\xfc}; ;; print ' 1111111111222222222233333333334444444444'; print '0123456789' x 5; print unpack 'b*', $b; print '' ;; for my $offset (0, 1, 7 .. 10, 15 .. 20, 24 .. 28, 30 .. 32) { my $c = unpack qq{%32b$offset}, $b; my $vc = vec_sum($b, $offset); die qq{pack sum $c != vec sum $vc} if $c != $vc; printf qq{before bit at offset %2d: %2d bits set \n}, $offset, $c; } ;; sub vec_sum { my ($v, $p) = @_; ;; my $c = 0; vec($v, $_, 1) and ++$c for 0 .. $p - 1; return $c; } " 1111111111222222222233333333334444444444 01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 100000001100000011100000111111110111111100111111 before bit at offset 0: 0 bits set before bit at offset 1: 1 bits set before bit at offset 7: 1 bits set before bit at offset 8: 1 bits set before bit at offset 9: 2 bits set before bit at offset 10: 3 bits set before bit at offset 15: 3 bits set before bit at offset 16: 3 bits set before bit at offset 17: 4 bits set before bit at offset 18: 5 bits set before bit at offset 19: 6 bits set before bit at offset 20: 6 bits set before bit at offset 24: 6 bits set before bit at offset 25: 7 bits set before bit at offset 26: 8 bits set before bit at offset 27: 9 bits set before bit at offset 28: 10 bits set before bit at offset 30: 12 bits set before bit at offset 31: 13 bits set before bit at offset 32: 14 bits set