note Moron (Updated) I rather feel some people would regret their choices. Only recursion can replace all the others, although I voted for <b>for</b>, because recursion is not technically a loop and in many replacement scenarios it would need some horrible overworking to overcome certain scoping issues, but <b>for</b> has enough machinery to replace everything else except recursion. For example, <code>while (condition)</code> is functionally the same as <code>for (;condition;)</code> and <code>do {} while (condition)</code> could be replaced by <code>for (my $first = 1; $first or condition; $first=0) {}</code> 496105 496810