note moritz <blockquote>1. chr() returns characeter not bytes.(silly me)</blockquote> <p>While "bytes" and "characters" is a useful mental image, it's not always correct. The operation defines the context. For example [doc://uc] interprets a string as text no matter what, whereas [doc://print] interprets a string as bytes (if it can) <p>The real problem is that the byte 0xe9 cannot be decoded as UTF-8, because it isn't UTF-8. Either do nothing with it (which works on sufficiently modern perls), or decode it as Latin-1, because Latin-1 (aka ISO-8859-1) maps each byte exactly to the same codepoint number.</p> <p>Note that instead of calling <c>encode()</c> on each output string, you can also set an IO layer which does it automatically: <code> binmode STDOUT, ':encoding(UTF-8)'; </code> <p>Or on the command line, you can set that up with the [doc://perlrun|-C] option: <code> $ perl -CS -wE 'say chr hex "E9"' é </code> <!-- Node text goes above. Div tags should contain sig only --> <div class="pmsig"><div class="pmsig-616540"> [http://perl6.org/|Perl 6 - second systems done right] </div></div> 961193 961193