I'm surprised that out of all the languages that were suggested, Lisp hasn't found its place in the list. Although it may not be used very widely in the industry, it's a very important language historically. It probably was the first functional scripting language, and it first implemented garbage collection and dynamic typing, features found in Perl today. I strongly believe that it still is a very valid tool
Since you don't have a CS background, I should also point out that Scheme (a dialect of Lisp) is taught to freshmen CS majors for their first programming class by many universities (including MIT). Take a look at TeachScheme. Furthermore, there are many online textbooks available to get you started, and a very good IDE (that works under Linux). Here are some links: