"23 s stored as a single byte hence i cant split."

Byte?! You're thinking in C terms! Go wash your mouth out with soap right now! ;-)

In Perl, strings and integers are both represented by the same data type - scalars. (Internally Perl represents scalars as a C struct which has separate string and integer slots. But you don't normally need to worry about such concerns.) If you have a variable that contains an integer value, such as 23, and pass it to something that expects a string, like split, that integer will be silently converted to a string.

Here's exactly the same function I posted before, only now I'm using the integer 23 as the input...

use 5.010;
use strict;
use warnings;

# 23 is an integer.
#
say digit_sum(23);

# This expression is used to test that a string consists of a single
# digit. We use it a couple of different places, so we'll get define
# it once here.
#
use constant DIGIT => qr/^[0-9]$/;

# This is the function which adds digits
#
sub digit_sum {
    my $string = shift;
    
    # Otherwise, split into digits.
    my @digits =
        grep { $_ =~ DIGIT }  # keep only the numeric characters
        split '', $string;    # split into characters
    
    # Add the digits together.
    my $sum = 0;
    $sum += $_ for @digits;
    
    # Handle the trivial case.
    # If $sum is just a single digit, return it as-is.
    return $sum if $sum =~ DIGIT;
    
    # Otherwise, recurse.
    return digit_sum($sum);
}
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