#!/usr/bin/perl --
use strict; use warnings;
use Data::Dump;
use XML::Rules;
my $ta = XML::Rules->new(
    qw/ stripspaces 8 /,
    rules => 
    {
      'literal' => 'as is',
      'binding' => 'as array no content',
      'uri' => 'content',
      'results' => 'no content'
    }
);
my @xml = (
q{<results>
 <binding name="image_url">
  <uri>Football.png</uri>
 </binding>
 <binding name="description">
  <literal xml:lang="en">Second article.</literal>
 </binding>
</results>
},
q{<results>
    <binding name="description">
      <literal xml:lang="en">First article. </literal>
    </binding>
  </results>
}
);

dd( my$ref = $ta->parsefile( \$_ )) for @xml;

__END__
{
  results => {
    binding => [
      { name => "image_url", uri => "Football.png" },
      {
        literal => { "_content" => "Second article.", "xml:lang" => "en" },
        name => "description",
      },
    ],
  },
}
{
  results => {
    binding => [
      {
        literal => { "_content" => "First article.", "xml:lang" => "en" },
        name => "description",
      },
    ],
  },
}