#! perl -slw use strict; sub myExp{ my $e = 1 + ( shift() / 4294967296 ); $e *= $e for 1 .. 32; $e; } printf "%30.20g : %30.20g\n", exp( $_ ), myExp( $_ ) for map log( 10**$_ ), -10 .. 10; __END__ C:\test>exp 9.9999999999999965e-011 : 1.0000000285332257e-010 1.0000000000000007e-009 : 1.0000000829163549e-009 9.999999999999982e-009 : 1.0000002130576865e-008 9.9999999999999943e-008 : 9.9999976329917627e-008 1.0000000000000004e-006 : 9.9999969112813618e-007 9.9999999999999974e-006 : 9.9999977582604716e-006 0.00010000000000000009 : 9.999998681099902e-005 0.0010000000000000002 : 0.00099999984556405617 0.010000000000000005 : 0.0099999993405499293 0.10000000000000002 : 0.099999996702749588 1 : 1 10.000000000000002 : 9.9999952742988558 100.00000000000004 : 100.00000084944983 999.99999999999977 : 999.99959325720954 10000.000000000009 : 10000.000169889967 100000.00000000001 : 99999.966690555739 999999.99999999953 : 1000000.1401405634 10000000.000000006 : 9999996.1589527112 100000000.00000018 : 100000003.39779937 999999999.99999928 : 999999662.81900096 10000000000.000004 : 10000002874.419859