if ($ref <= 8) { 
        say "ref is at most 8.";
} elsif ($ref <= 16) {
        say "ref is above 8 but at most 16."
} elsif ($ref <= 24) {
        say "ref is above 16 but at most 24."
} elsif ($ref <= 32) {
        say "ref is above 24 but at most 32."
} else {
        sat "ref is above 32."
}