Try perldoc perllocal. It'll show you all the modules you have installed and a bunch of extended information about them (like where each module is installed, and its version), but it doesn't include the standard library modules. The .pod file, perllocal.pod is where this man page comes from and you could probably parse it yourself if you want. It's somewhere in your lib directory (on 5.00502 i found it in /usr/lib/perl5/5.00502/i386-linux-thread).
local $_ = "0A72656B636148206C72655020726568746F6E41207473754A";
while(s/..$//) { print chr(hex($&)) }