note sundialsvc4 I strongly agree with this ... no matter how exactly you choose to write the routine or to initialize the hash. When writing this sort of logic, be extremely careful to test for the existence, or the absence, of the hash key ... not for “falsehood.”   Someday you will have a hash-entry whose legitimate value translates to false.   Or even maybe to <tt>undef</tt>.   It’s just a hungry sort of “gotcha” that’s just waiting for your glutes. 1005331 1005395