My versions of perl don't have the error so I can't test, but I do notice that in your example the first curly bracket is also the first character of the regex, where it can't be the start of a quantifier. So maybe there are still some special cases (like - and ] don't have to be escaped when coming first in a character class), where { is considered unambiguous. This would limit future extensions to cases where {THING} syntax only works as a modifier of the previous token (maybe TOKEN{EXPR} where EXPR validates the current repeat count, for consistency).