Don't use my variables declared outside the regex pattern from within (?{}).

The problem you are having is that one of the patterns matches, then gets added to @list1, then gets unmatched by backtracking. But you never remove it from @list1 on backtracking. A simple example of this:

>perl -le"'abc1def2' =~ /(?:([a-z])(?{ print $^N }))+2/"
a
b
c
b
c
c
d
e
f
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The solution is to use $^R.

use strict;
use warnings;

my @vocabulary = qw( a abc abcd abd bc );
my $sentence = 'abdaabc';

my ($pattern) = map qr/$_/,
                join '|',
                map quotemeta,
                sort { length($b) <=> length($a) }  # optional
                @vocabulary;

use re 'eval';
local our @list;
$sentence =~ /
   (?{ [] })
   ^
   (?: ($pattern) (?{ [ @{$^R}, $^N ] }) )+
   $
   (?{ @list = @{$^R} })
/x
   or die("No solution\n");

print( join('-', @list), "\n" );  # abd-a-abc
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Without the sort, you'd get abd-a-a-bc. If you want all possible solutions:

...

use re 'eval';
local our @list;
$sentence =~ /
   (?{ [] })
   ^
   (?: ($pattern) (?{ [ @{$^R}, $^N ] }) )+
   $
   (?{ push @list, join('-', @{$^R}) })
   (?!)
/x;

die("No solution\n") if !@list;

print("$_\n") for @list;
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abd-a-a-bc
abd-a-abc
[download]