If you are running as a CGI script within an Apache web server then you can look for the environment variable REMOTE_USER (ie. $ENV{REMOTE_USER}). If it is set then that's the user name as authenticated with Apache. With that you can use LDAP modules to extract extra information about the user from the AD.
To enable user authentication within Apache you could use mod_auth_kerb to allow Kerberos tickets or passwords to authenticate a user
AuthType Kerberos
AuthName "Kerberos Login"
SSLRequireSSL
KrbAuthRealms DOMAIN
KrbServiceName http
Krb5Keytab /etc/krb5.keytab
KrbMethodNegotiate on
KrbMethodK5Passwd on
require valid-user
It's a little tricky to get right and your server needs to be joined to the AD domain, but it works wonderfully. I assume that mod_auth_sspi works similarly.