$start = $a; $end = ++$a; for ($_ = $start; $_ <= $end; $_++) { ... } #### for (++$x .. $x++ . $x) { ... } # starting at ++$x # ending at $x++ . $x # THE END HAS MODIFIED THE START #### print ++$x, ++$x, ++$x; # 333 #### $x = 3; print ++$x/$x--; # 3/4 => 0.75 #### for (++$x .. $x++ . $x--) { ... } # or for (++$....$.++.$.--) { ... }