Forget about the grep for a while and just get straight in your head how the digit_sum_is_odd function works and what it does.
use Test::More tests => 14;
sub digit_sum_is_odd {
my $input = shift;
my @digits = split //, $input;
my $sum;
$sum += $_ for @digits;
return $sum % 2;
}
ok digit_sum_is_odd(1);
ok not digit_sum_is_odd(2);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(3);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(9);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(10);
ok not digit_sum_is_odd(11);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(12);
ok not digit_sum_is_odd(13);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(1000000);
ok not digit_sum_is_odd('pony');
ok digit_sum_is_odd('pony1');
ok digit_sum_is_odd(3, 4);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(3, 5);
ok digit_sum_is_odd(3, 'chimpanzee', 'monkey', 'baboon');
perl -E'sub Monkey::do{say$_,for@_,do{($monkey=[caller(0)]->[3])=~s{::}{ }and$monkey}}"Monkey say"->Monkey::do'