G'day adalby,
Welcome to the monastery.
See perlvar for special variables that capture the type of information you're after. Here's a quick example with $^X, $0 and $$:
$ cat fred.pl
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use Cwd qw{abs_path};
print "Perl executing the script: ", `which $^X`;
print "Script being executed: ", abs_path($0), "\n";
print "PID: $$\n";
$ fred.pl
Perl executing the script: /Users/ken/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.14.2
+_WITH_THREADS/bin/perl
Script being executed: /Users/ken/tmp/fred.pl
PID: 33980
Variables relating to permissions include: $< (real user id), $> (effective user id), $( (real group id), $) (effective group id).
The English module provides longer, more meaningful names for these punctuation variables. Don't forget to load it as:
use English qw{-no_match_vars};
You might also find perlsec to be useful (even if only for additional examples using these special variables).
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