I think this may be close to what you are asking, and only uses a module shipped in core, Text::Balanced:
$ perl -MData::Dumper -MText::Balanced -le '
use 5.010;
$Data::Dumper::Deepcopy = $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys = 1;
my $c = q{This is outside (This is inside).};
my %found;
( $found{prefix}, $found{bracketed}, $found{postfix}, )
= Text::Balanced::extract_multiple($c,
[ \&Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed, ], );
say Data::Dumper->Dump( [ \%found, ], [ qw( *f ) ] );
'
%f = (
'bracketed' => '(This is inside)',
'postfix' => '.',
'prefix' => 'This is outside '
);
Hope that helps.