sub executeComm {
    my ($outfile, @comm) = @_;

    print "cmd: <", join("> <" => @comm), ">\n";

    # manual redirection - dup(2) STDOUT first
    open(my $ORIGSTDOUT, ">&" . fileno(*STDOUT)) or die $!;
    open(*STDOUT, ">", $outfile) or die $!;

    # run it!
    my $exit = system @comm;

    # restore STDOUT
    open(*STDOUT, ">&=" . fileno($ORIGSTDOUT)) or die $!;

    print "exit: ", $exit, "\n";
}

print "before\n";
executeComm($outfile, $program, $ref_file);
print "after\n";