As for the sprintf line, this session under the debugger shows you how the $mode value (coming from stat($file)[2]) might be converted:
DB<1> @c = stat "data.txt";
DB<2> x @c
0 1946693715
1 6473924464489865
2 33261
3 1
4 1001
5 513
6 0
7 64
8 1375303088
9 1375303088
10 1375303088
11 65536
12 1
DB<3> $mode = $c[2];
DB<4> printf "%04o", $mode ;
100755
DB<5> printf "%04o", $mode & 07777;
0755
BTW, my "data.txt" does indeed have the 0755 permissions:
$ ls -l data.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 Laurent None 64 31 juil. 22:38 data.txt
In the Unix file permission system, "rwxr-xr-x" is the same as the 0755 octal value.
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